{"id":11629,"date":"2025-12-04T10:11:29","date_gmt":"2025-12-04T10:11:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/azelhukuk.com\/?p=11629"},"modified":"2025-12-04T10:27:08","modified_gmt":"2025-12-04T10:27:08","slug":"protection-of-the-creditor-against-inflation-excess-loss-and-current-case-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/azelhukuk.com\/en\/enflasyona-karsi-alacaklinin-korunmasi-munzam-zarar-ve-guncel-ictihatlar\/","title":{"rendered":"Protection of Creditors Against Inflation: Consequential Losses and Recent Case Law"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"11629\" class=\"elementor elementor-11629\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4282a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4282a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2fd17df\" data-id=\"2fd17df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1889b8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1889b8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prolonged court proceedings in T\u00fcrkiye, enforcement proceedings that take years to conclude, and the impact of high inflation on monetary claims have led to the concept of \u201cadditional loss\u201d (munzam zarar) regaining central importance, particularly over the last five years.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many creditors realise that even if they win their lawsuit, the amount they collect years later has eroded significantly against inflation, the difference is not covered by default interest, and the debtor even makes a \u201cprofit from the delay\u201d.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is precisely at this point <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/resmigazete.gov.tr\/eskiler\/2011\/02\/20110204-1.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Turkish Code of Obligations<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Under Article 122, the additional damage lawsuit has become an extremely powerful legal remedy through the case law of both the Constitutional Court and the Court of Cassation.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this article;<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The legal nature of supplementary damage,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The conditions,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calculation methods,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Constitutional Court's critical decision dated 21.12.2017,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2024\u20132025 Court of Cassation practices,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During periods of inflation, the distinction between tangible and intangible proof,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and what rights creditors have in protracted proceedings<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">it has been discussed in detail.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h2><b>What is Compensatory Damage? Legal Basis (Turkish Code of Obligations Art. 122)<\/b><\/h2><p><b>Article 122 of the Turkish Code of Obligations (TBK):<\/b><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIf the creditor has suffered a loss exceeding the default interest, the debtor is obliged to compensate for this loss as well, unless they prove that they are entirely without fault.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to this provision, the supplementary damage:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It applies only to monetary debts.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It covers damages exceeding the default interest.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The debtor is liable unless they prove they are not at fault (presumption of fault).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the damage is provable, a judgement can be rendered when deciding on the merits.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><b>Conditions of Compensatory Damages<\/b><\/h3><h4><b>Must be owed money<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The subject can only be material, financial loss; increased loss is not possible in non-monetary performances or claims for non-pecuniary damage.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>Default of the Debtor<\/b><\/h4><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Duly given notice,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enforcement proceedings,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The filing of a lawsuit is sufficient for default (Turkish Code of Obligations Article 117).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h4><b>Element of Damage<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There must be excess damage that cannot be covered by default interest.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>Adequate Causation<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There must be a causal link between the damage and the default that is \u201cconsistent with the ordinary course of life\u201d.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>Fault<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unless the debtor can prove that they are without fault, they are liable for the exceeding damage.<\/span><\/p><h3><b>Proof of Supplementary Damage: Concrete vs. Abstract Method<\/b><\/h3><h4><b>View in Doctrine \u2014 Concrete Proof<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the doctrine, if the creditor can substantiate the following losses, a surplus damage arises:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Having to take out a loan,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Payment of default interest or liquidated damages to third parties,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the accumulation of penalties due to late payment of rent, tax, and social security (SGK) premiums,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If there is a foreign exchange debt, the foreign exchange difference loss,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Missing out on the investment opportunity.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The predominant view in the doctrine is that there is no presumption that \u201cby virtue of life experience, every creditor invests the money\u201d; the creditor must prove their actual loss.<\/span><\/p><h3><b>Judgment of the Constitutional Court Dated 21.12.2017 and Numbered 2014\/2267 \u2014 A Turning Point\u00a0<\/b><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this ruling, the Constitutional Court has fundamentally transformed the law of additional damages by determining a violation of the right to property.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>AYM's Critical Findings:<\/b><\/h4><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inflation and market interest rates, exchange rates and bond yields are running well above the statutory default interest rate.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This means that the debtor benefits from the delay, whilst the creditor suffers a loss.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The lengthy duration of proceedings causes a noticeable erosion in the creditor's assets.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Making it difficult for the creditor to produce concrete evidence for this reason upsets the fair balance.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seeking tangible proof in every single case violates the right to property.<\/span><b><br \/><br \/><\/b><\/li><\/ol><h4><b>The CC's Decision:<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Insisting on concrete proof is unfair.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If inflation + market interest rates &gt; default interest, a presumption of compound damage arises.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trial courts are obliged to accept the method of abstract proof.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This decision has changed the Court of Cassation's entire approach.<\/span><\/p><h3><b>The Court of Cassation's New Method After 2017 (Especially 2023\u20132025 Case Law)<\/b><\/h3><h4><b>Supplementary Loss as Damages<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Court of Cassation now accepts the method of abstract proof based on the following criteria:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High inflation,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The increase in exchange rates,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Market interest rates,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Government bonds, Treasury bill yields,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase in gold and deposits.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, the creditor can no longer:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThey don't have to say, \u201dIf I had received the money, I would have put it into that investment.\".<\/span><\/p><h3><b>Current Court of Cassation Judgements on Inflation, Supplementary Loss and the Right to Proof (2024\u20132025)<\/b><\/h3><h4><b>Supreme Court 6th Civil Chamber, 13.01.2025, E. 2024\/3534 \u2013 K. 2025\/15<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The court's dismissal of the case on the grounds of \u201cno concrete proof\u201d has been QUASHED. Ruling:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In periods of high inflation, abstract proof must be taken as a basis.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The expert witness must calculate the \u201ceconomic basket\u201d.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The remaining difference after deducting the default interest is the compound damage.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h4><b>Yarg\u0131tay 15. HD, 06.12.2018, E. 2018\/3765 \u2013 K. 2018\/4907<\/b><\/h4><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With reference to the Constitutional Court decision, the requirement for concrete proof has been removed.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If inflation and market interest rates are high, a surrogate loss is presumed.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h4><b>Court of Cassation General Assembly of Civil Chambers, 19.06.2002, E. 2001\/13-569 \u2013 K. 2002\/534<\/b><\/h4><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The effects of inflation are a \u201cwell-known and notorious fact\u201d; they do not require further proof.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h4><b>Yarg\u0131tay 15th Civil Chamber, 12.05.2016, E. 2016\/1049 \u2013 K. 2016\/2737<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Old approach: High inflation does not shift the burden of proof.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Note: This case law is no longer applied; it has been abandoned following the Constitutional Court's decision.)<\/span><\/p><h3><b>Method of Calculation: Economic Basket<\/b><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As of 2025, the method adopted by the Court of Cassation is as follows:<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pwc.com.tr\/tefe-tufe-nedir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">WPI\/CPI<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> annual rates<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3-month fixed-term deposit interest averages<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Government bond yields<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dollar\/Euro annual growth rates<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The rise in gold prices<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">minimum wage increase rate (taken into account in some expert reports)<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These data are averaged. If this rate is above the default interest rate, compound damages are calculated.<\/span><\/p><h3><b>Prolongation of Proceedings and the Creditor's Rights<\/b><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the trial has lasted 3, 5, or even 10 years, the creditor:<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A claim for supplementary damage can be brought: The action may be filed after the enforcement proceedings based on a court judgment have been completed.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a 10-year limitation period: It begins from the date on which the entire receivable is collected (Court of Cassation General Assembly of Civil Chambers, 09.12.2021, E. 2017\/18-2800 \u2013 K. 2021\/1629)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The debtor is obliged to prove their lack of fault: in practice, this is not possible; the presumption of fault is effectively in favour of the creditor.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the debtor has obtained a \u201cgain without delay\u201d, this in itself constitutes a presumption<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h3><b>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)<\/b><\/h3><p>Here you can find the answers to the most frequently asked questions about the supplementary damage lawsuit process. If you cannot find the answer you are looking for, please contact us for detailed information and support. <a href=\"https:\/\/azelhukuk.com\/en\/contact\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">You can get in touch<\/a>.<\/p><h4><b>Who can file a lawsuit for ancillary damages?<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every creditor whose monetary claim has fallen into default.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>Is this lawsuit filed during the enforcement proceedings?<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No. Usually, it is opened after collection.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>Is tangible proof required?<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No. Following the 2017 Constitutional Court ruling, abstract proof is sufficient.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>Is the debtor's fault required?<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes, but the debtor must prove that they are blameless (which is practically very difficult).<\/span><\/p><h4><b>Does inflation alone give rise to compound damage?<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the Court of Cassation's practice, yes, it is a presumption.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>Can a lawsuit be filed even if default interest has been paid?<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes, because supplementary damage is the portion exceeding default interest.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>Is a different calculation made for commercial transactions?<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No, the economic basket method applies to all monetary receivables.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>If rent, tax, SSI, or loan debts are delayed, does this count as a loss?<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes; they are typical examples of concrete proof.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>How long does the court case take?<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An average of 8\u201314 months, depending on the expert's calculation.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>When does the limitation period begin?<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The day all receivables are collected.<\/span><\/p><h2><b>Result<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Supplemental damage is an effective legal remedy used to prevent loss of rights arising particularly from high inflation and protracted proceedings. Following the Constitutional Court's decision of 2017, the Court of Cassation has abandoned its previous rigid approach requiring concrete proof; under current case law, where inflation and market interest rates exceed the default interest rate, a presumption of supplemental damage is accepted.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Munzam damage lawsuit in the 2024\u20132025 practice:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strong in favour of the creditor,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Objectively calculated,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which puts the debtor in a difficult position due to the presumption of fault,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guarantees the right to property<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has become a mechanism.<\/span><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/azelhukuk.com\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Azel Law Firm<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as, we meticulously evaluate compound damage calculations to prevent our clients from suffering a loss of rights during protracted litigation or enforcement proceedings, and we apply the economic basket method and the most up-to-date case law to each file individually.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8195037 elementor-widget elementor-widget-rt-cta\" data-id=\"8195037\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"rt-cta.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\n<!--=====================================-->\n<!--=     Call To Action Area Start     =-->\n<!--=====================================-->\n<section class=\"call-to-action-wrap-layout1 has-animation\">\n        <div class=\"animated-figure\">\n        <div class=\"translate-right-50 transition-100 opacity-animation transition-delay-100\">\n            <img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/azelhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Azel-Hukuk-Enflasyona-Karsi-Alacaklinin-Korunmasi-Munzam-Zarar-ve-Guncel-Ictihatlar.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Protection of Creditors Against Inflation: Consequential Losses and Recent Case Law\" \/>        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n        <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-lg-8 col-12\">\n                        <div class=\"call-to-action-box-layout1\">\n                <h2 class=\"item-title\">For a fair, reliable and effective service...<\/h2>\n            <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n        <div class=\"col-lg-4 col-12 d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center justify-content-lg-end\">\n                        <div class=\"call-to-action-box-layout1\">\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/azelhukuk.com\/en\/contact\/\" class=\"btn-fill\">Contact us!<\/a>\n            <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de uzun s\u00fcren yarg\u0131lamalar, icra takiplerinin y\u0131llarca sonu\u00e7lanmamas\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek enflasyonun para alacaklar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisi, \u00f6zellikle son be\u015f y\u0131lda \u201cmunzam zarar\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n yeniden merkez\u00ee bir \u00f6nem kazanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok alacakl\u0131, davas\u0131n\u0131 kazansa bile y\u0131llar sonra tahsil etti\u011fi bedelin enflasyon kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ciddi oranda eridi\u011fini, temerr\u00fct faizi ile aradaki fark\u0131n kapat\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hatta bor\u00e7lunun \u201cgecikmeden k\u00e2r\u201d elde&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11630,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11629","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-borclar","aeen-post-thumb"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Enflasyona Kar\u015f\u0131 Alacakl\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131: Munzam Zarar ve G\u00fcncel \u0130\u00e7tihatlar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Y\u00fcksek 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