{"id":9354,"date":"2024-11-07T16:39:00","date_gmt":"2024-11-07T16:39:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/azelhukuk.com\/?p=9354"},"modified":"2025-04-15T12:54:34","modified_gmt":"2025-04-15T12:54:34","slug":"termination-of-contract-and-right-of-rescission-due-to-foreign-exchange-indexed-economic-changes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/azelhukuk.com\/en\/doviz-endeksli-ekonomik-degisimler-nedeniyle-uyarlama-sozlesmenin-feshi-ve-donme-hakki\/","title":{"rendered":"Adaptation, Termination of Contract and Right of Rescission Due to Foreign Exchange-Indexed Economic Changes"},"content":{"rendered":"
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According to Court of Cassation decisions, theories concerning the disruption of the economy of contract or the balance between performances in a contract are applied only in extraordinary circumstances. In doctrine, economic crisis or a state of war are cited as examples of such extraordinary circumstances. In order to ensure swift decision-making in such situations, the Court of Cassation has issued three template decisions. Two of these template decisions relate to loan agreements and one to a lease agreement. These decisions will be examined separately below. However, the conditions under which the rights of adaptation, termination or rescission may be exercised will be examined first.<\/span><\/p>

Adaptation<\/b><\/h3>

There are two theories regarding adaptation: objective and subjective. The objective theory is based on the balance of obligations in the contract; the subjective theory is based on the change in the conditions that the parties took as a basis when the contract was made. Article 138 of the Turkish Code of Obligations is based on the subjective theory. Therefore, during the new period of economic crisis, the Court of Cassation's stereotyped old case law may change, as the Court of Cassation previously adopted the objective theory.<\/span><\/p>

According to Article 480\/2 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, the right to request adaptation from the judge is a constitutive right. This right will take effect upon the decision to be rendered by the judge. In every specific case he encounters, the judge shall establish the balance between the performances of the parties in accordance with the rules of equity. According to one view, no solution method other than increasing the price or rescinding the contract can be used. Unlike the former Code of Obligations, no restrictions have been imposed on the judge in this regard. Therefore, the aforementioned adaptation may now take the form of extending the contract period, reducing the price, or narrowing the subject matter of the performance.<\/span><\/p>

According to Article 138 of the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO), the conditions for adaptation require the existence of an unforeseeable extraordinary situation, this situation not originating from the debtor, and this extraordinary situation changing the facts existing at the time the contract was concluded, rendering the performance of the debtor's obligation excessively difficult.<\/span><\/p>

The theory of unforeseen circumstances is explained as follows: \u201cIf the conditions existing at the time the contract was concluded have changed significantly, the parties should not be bound by the contract. This is called the \u2018Condition of Unforeseen Circumstances\u2019. In doctrine, it is assumed that the contract is made with an implicit acceptance that the situation at the time it was made will not change, and that its exact enforcement is made conditional by the parties upon this implicit condition.\u201d<\/span><\/p>

In my opinion, the dispute centres around the obligation of merchants to act with the diligence of a prudent businessman, as stipulated in Article 20 of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC). According to data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), established in 1946, Turkey frequently encounters devaluations and high inflation rates. Therefore, a prudent merchant must foresee that the economic conditions of the country in which they conduct their commercial activities are subject to frequent changes.<\/span><\/p>

Indeed <\/span>In its decision numbered E. 2003\/13-599, K. 2003\/599, dated 15.10.2003, the General Assembly of Civil Chambers of the Court of Cassation<\/b> the following expressions are included:<\/span><\/p>

“Bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131klamalardan da, s\u00f6zle\u015fme ve dava tarihleri aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde d\u00f6viz kurunun %60’\u0131n \u00fczerinde bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Deval\u00fcasyon ve ekonomik krizlerin aniden olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, piyasadaki belli ekonomik darbo\u011fazlardan sonra meydana geldi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Davac\u0131 tacirin ekonomik krizin i\u015faretlerinin belli oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde, \u015eubat 2001 krizinden bir ay \u00f6nce ta\u015f\u0131nmazda kirac\u0131 olarak oturmakta iken \u00fcstelik bir m\u00fczayaka olmadan yabanc\u0131 para \u00fczerinden kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yapmas\u0131, basiretli bir tacir olarak davranmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, somut olayda, tacir olan davac\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden, uyarlaman\u0131n temel ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan biri olan ‘Sonradan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan olgular\u0131n tahmin edilemez nitelikte olmas\u0131 veya olgular tahmin edilebilmekle birlikte, bunlar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n somut olaya etkilerinin bu derecede a\u011f\u0131r olabilece\u011finin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclememi\u015f olmas\u0131’ unsuru ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015ftir.”<\/span><\/i><\/p>

However, if the government was stable at the time the contract was concluded and the 15 July coup attempt had not yet taken place in the country, the increase in the US dollar can be considered unforeseeable.<\/span><\/p>

In past periods, while an economic crisis was once again on the agenda, the Council of Ministers issued decrees in favour of the contractor. However <\/span>in the decision of the Joint Civil Chambers of the Court of Cassation dated 24.11.1986 and numbered 1986\/2 E. 1986\/2 K.<\/b> By including these criteria, the application of the decrees has been left to the judge's discretion.<\/span><\/p>

This result is also in accordance with the provision in Article 365 of the Code of Obligations. Because Article 365\/1 of the Code of Obligations generally establishes the rule that the contractor is obliged to construct the work for the agreed price, whereas the second paragraph of the article states that \u201cif circumstances that were either unforeseeable or foreseeable but not taken into consideration by both parties prevent the performance of the work or render it extremely difficult, the judge may, by virtue of the discretionary power vested in him, either increase the determined price or terminate the contract,\u201d thereby accepting that if conditions arise that make the performance of the work extremely difficult, the price may be increased or the contract may be rescinded.<\/span><\/p>

Therefore, the judge is not under an obligation to deliver a judgement in accordance with the aforementioned decrees, nor is it necessary for these decrees to have been published in order for the judge to make an adjustment and increase the fee. In other words, the judge has broad discretion in this case.<\/span><\/p>

That makes the performance of contracts conditional on circumstances not changing <\/span>Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus<\/span><\/i> Even if the idea does not fully correspond to reality, strict and rigorous adherence to the principle of pacta sunt servanda is not always fair. Today, the principle predominantly relied upon in Swiss-Turkish Law is the resolution of disputes in accordance with the rule of good faith. Again, according to this theory, the circumstance causing the collapse of the basis of the transaction shall also be determined in accordance with the rule of good faith. That is to say, a force majeure event may be evaluated within the framework of the rule of good faith regarding the termination of the contract.<\/span><\/p>

Indeed, <\/span>in the decision of the 13th Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation dated 12.06.2003 and numbered E. 2003\/4175<\/b> the following expressions are included:<\/span><\/p>

\u201cIn the event that the existence of unexpected force majeure events causes the basis of the transaction to collapse if the conditions at the date of the contract are complied with, adaptation may be requested in this case. In an environment where the Turkish Lira is constantly losing value against foreign currency, the claimant, who requests adaptation against the defendant who concluded a lease agreement in foreign currency with the aim of protecting against inflation, must prove the existence of force majeure and that the basis of the transaction has collapsed.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>

Termination or Withdrawal Rights<\/b><\/h3>

If the adaptation lawsuit filed by the contractor is dismissed, the contractor is granted the rights to withdraw from the contract and to terminate it for a justifiable reason pursuant to Article 480\/2 of the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO). However, in circumstances required by the rules of good faith, the contractor may only exercise the right of termination. The rule of good faith shall again be determined here in accordance with equity.<\/span><\/p>

The purpose of this regulation is that termination takes effect for the future, whereas rescission takes effect retroactively. Therefore, the rights of rescission and termination shall be possible in the event that the judge rules in the adaptation lawsuit that adaptation is not possible.<\/span><\/p>



<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S\u00f6zle\u015fme ekonomisinin veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki edimler aras\u0131 dengenin bozulmas\u0131 ile ilgili kuramlar Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ancak ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc durumlarda uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Doktrinde bu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc durumlara \u00f6rnek olarak ekonomik kriz ya da sava\u015f hali g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Yarg\u0131tay b\u00f6yle durumlarda h\u0131zl\u0131 karar verilebilmesi ad\u0131na \u00fc\u00e7 adet \u015fablon karar vermi\u015ftir. Bu \u015fablon kararlar\u0131n ikisi kredi s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine, biri kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine ili\u015fkindir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da bu…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9355,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[43,46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9354","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-borclar","category-sozlesme","aeen-post-thumb"],"yoast_head":"\nD\u00f6viz Endeksli Ekonomik De\u011fi\u015fimlerde Uyarlamalar ve Haklar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ekonomik dalgalanmalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda d\u00f6vizli s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler nas\u0131l uyarlan\u0131r? 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